Neuroendocrine cancer death

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Imaging studies of 22 patients 12 men, mean age 60 years with histopathologically confirmed diagnosis, evaluated in the authors's institution during the last five years were retrospectively reviewed by neuroendocrine cancer death radiologists, with findings being consensually described focusing on changes observed at computed tomography.

Only one typical carcinoid presented the characteristic appearance of central endobronchial nodule with distal pulmonary neuroendocrine cancer death, while the others were pulmonary nodules or masses. The atypical carcinoids corresponded to peripheral heterogeneous masses.

One out of the three LCNCs was a peripheral homogeneous mass, while the others were ill-defined and heterogeneous. The 11 SCLCs corresponded to central, infiltrating and heterogeneous neuroendocrine cancer death with secondary pleuropulmonary hpv smear causes. Keywords: Computed tomography; Lung neoplasms; Neuroendocrine tumors.

Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the lung NTLs originate either from Kulchitzky cells, neuroepithelial bodies or from pluripotent stem cells which are present in the bronchial mucosa, with similar pathological features, and being capable of producing and secreting peptide hormones and neuroamines 2.

Since the early 's, because of its clinical and histological characteristics, SCLC is classified as a neuroendocrine neoplasia of the lung. In the present study, the authors describe the main imaging findings in a series of histopathologically confirmed cases of NTL, with vierme tulpina mar on computed tomography CT findings.

Also, the authors make a brief description of the main clinical data, including information on the evolution of the cases, correlating them with radiological and anatomopathological data. Only histopathologically confirmed cases of primary neuroendocrine tumors of the lung were included in the present study.

A total of 22 patients 12 men, mean age of 60 years, ranging from 32 to 78 years were studied. Considering the retrospective nature of the study, with exams that are part of the clinical routine in the assessment of such patients, it exempted a term of free and informed consent in neuroendocrine cancer death to the one obtained previously to the performance of the exams.

Clinical data was obtained after review of the patients' records and imaging studies neuroendocrine cancer death from the electronic file system of the authors' institution. Images were reviewed by two radiologists, and the findings neuroendocrine cancer death described in consensus. The lesions were evaluated with respect to morphological characteristics, location, dimensions, presence of calcifications, associated changes in the pulmonary parenchyma, lymph node enlargement and presence of distant metastases.

All the imaging studies stored in the electronic file system were reviewed, including plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging MRI studies, but the reviewers have particularly focused on the description of CT findings, which is currently the most accurate radiological method and most commonly utilized in the neuroendocrine cancer death of lung tumors.

In spite of not being related to the main objective of the present study, the post-treatment follow-up exams, whenever available, were also reviewed for correlation of imaging findings with the clinical progression according to the type of neoplasia identified at the anatomopatho­logical study. The description of symptoms was varied, including dyspnea, chronic coughing, chest pain and "repeated pneumonias".

Duda's group is focused on studies of tumor interaction with its microenvironment, with the goal of identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of: 1 local tumor progression in liver cancers and metastatic tumor progression in other gastrointestinal cancers and in prostate and breast malignanciesand 2 treatment resistance in advanced cancers.

Along the medical records review process, data confirming the presence of paraneoplastic syndrome due to ectopic production of hormones were not found for any of the patients. As regards neuroendocrine cancer death type, the lesions of the 22 patients included: five typical carcinoid detoxifiere ficat si pancreas, three atypical carcinoid lesions, three LCNCs and 11 SCLCs Table 1.

Plain radiography could identify the atelectasis in the upper right lobe. At CT, the ovoid endobronchial nodule was identified in the origin of the right upper lobe bronchus.

The other cases of typical carcinoid lesion presented as lung nodules or masses, either centrally or peripherally located, with smooth or lobulated margins, homogeneous soft tissue density, and dimensions ranging from 2. No patient presented lymph node enlargement or metastatic lesions at the initial presentation of the disease.

Distal, secondary changes were described in all cases, mainly represented by areas of inflammatory consolidation or atelectasis.

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All five patients were submitted to surgical resection either neuroendocrine cancer death or lobectomy and only one patient presented recurrence of the disease in the clinical follow-up, with mediastinal lymph node enlargement identified neuroendocrine cancer death years after diagnosis Figure 3. One patient with a typical carcinoid lesion also underwent MRI, which demonstrated the neuroendocrine cancer death of a well defined nodule in the left lower lobe with intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted and hyperintense signal on T2-weighed sequences, also with restriction in diffusion weighted imaging and prominent contrast-enhancement more noticeable in delayed phases and neuroendocrine cancer death homogeneous appearance Figure 2.

The three cases of atypical carcinoid tumors were identified both at plain radiography and CT, described as peripheral lung masses with lobulated or irregular contours, with heterogeneous density and contrast-enhancement, dimensions ranging between 3.

As a result, the medical management has been rigorously quantified in terms of clinical-histological characteristics and the invasive tumour stage, the degree of mediastinal lymph node extension and the presence of distant metastases determined with the TNM staging system that is recognised globally The x-ray examination reveals only pathological mediastinal lymph nodes that cause changes of mediastinal margins and the pleural reflection lines. The disadvantage of the traditional x-ray examination is the impossibility to identify the neuroendocrine cancer death nodes situated within the mediastinum. Also if the lymph nodes are hidden behind other tumour masses existing in the mediastinum, they cannot be discovered at the x-ray examination, which offers little information about the mediastinal structure: vessels, lung, pericardium, pleura, and thoracic wall. Due to the possibility to reveal all groups of pathological mediastinal lymph nodes, computed tomography is the first choice examination for the diagnosis of mediastinal adenopathies. Besides the traditional, cytological and histopathological methods that enable the identification neuroendocrine cancer death pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma, its malignancy degree and stage, the immunohistochemical methods are very valuable for the assessment of the evolution capacity of pulmonary neoplasia.

One lesion presented nodular calcifications identified at plain radiography, but best neuroendocrine cancer death at CT. One patient already presented lymph nodes enlargement and lesions compatible with metastases bone and liver at the initial assessment and evolved to death. Another patient presented suspicious metastic liver endometrial cancer uk at the moment neuroendocrine cancer death the diagnosis, progressing with enlargement of the lesions progressive disease and at the time of the present study such patient was undergoing systemic therapy.

In one patient the lesion was resected and no recurrence has been identified at most-recent follow-up.

Dan G. Duda

Of the three LCNC neuroendocrine cancer death, one presented a peripheral well-defined mass with homogeneous density, while the other two patients presented heterogeneous, peripheral, ill-defined masses with irregular contours in association with important pleuropulmonary changes Figure 5. The lesions dimensions ranged from 4. The two patients presenting with heterogeneous lesions already presented lymph nodes enlargement and distant metastatic lesions at their initial assessment, and underwent non-surgical therapy, but evolved with progressive neuroendocrine cancer death at follow-up and, later, death.

The other patient presented progressive, metastatic disease and currently is still undergoing local and systemic treatment and has not been submitted to surgical resection of the lung lesion.

All of the 11 cases of SCLC presented as lesions of similar radiological appearance, characterized as central masses associated with coalescent lymph node enlargement with infiltrating and heterogeneous aspect, invading vascular structures as well as the adjacent tracheobronchial tree Figure 6. Other associated thoracic changes were described in all cases, such as secondary lung lesions, pneumonia, atelectasis, pleural effusion and pleural thickening.

At plain radiography, the characterization of the masses was in general more difficult, particularly in neuroendocrine cancer death presence of lung atelectasis and large pleural effusion. In general, the lesions that could be measured were larger than 5.

Research Abstract

Calcifications were not identified in any lesion. In the present study, the authors retrospectively reviewed imaging findings in patients with histopathologically confirmed NTL diagnosed in their institution, with emphasis on CT neuroendocrine cancer death. The authors describe five cases of typical carcinoid tumors and three cases of atypical carcinoid tumors.

Atypical carcinoid tumors are assciated with smoking, most commonly affecting male neuroendocrine cancer death and at older ages 59 years, on averagewhile typical carcinoid tumors lack established association with smoking, affecting younger patients of both genders. Typical carcinoid tumors represent the most common lung neoplasia in the childhood and most frequently are diagnosed at less advanced clinical stages, rarely with metastases and progressing with longer survival as compared with atypical carcinoid tumors 8.

In the present study, the authors found only one case of central endobronchial nodule characteristic of typical carcinoid tumor, but atypical carcinoid tumors were found as larger and more heterogeneous peripheral masses, more frequently with metastases at diagnosis or follow-up, likewise described in the literature. Among the typical neuroendocrine cancer death tumors, only one presented late recurrence of the disease, in the form of mediastinal lymph node enlargement identified at CT follow-up, years after the primary lesion resection.

REVISTA DE CHIMIE founded in edited by REVISTA DE CHIMIE SRL

According to the medical literature, imaging findings of both typical and atypical carcinoid tumors are similarly described, being mainly found neuroendocrine cancer death well-defined nodules or masses, sometimes lobulated, and when elongated, with the longer axis parallel to the bronchi. Carcinoid tumors tend to be well vascularized, with prominent contrast enhancement, which also aids in the differentiation between lesions and the commonly associated distal secondary changes pneumonia, atectasis and bronchi with mucoid impaction 9.

Despite their similar characteristics, one describes that the presence of a central, well-defined nodule causing narrowing, deformity or obstruction of a bronchus, especially if containing calcifications, is suggestive of a typical carcinoid tumor.

On the other hand, atypical carcinoid tumors tend to be larger, more peripheral distal to the segmental bronchus and more heterogeneous, besides presenting a higher incidence of metastatic lesions at the diagnostic imaging In the present study, the authors described three cases of LCNC, all of them presenting as peripheral heterogeneous masses associated with metatastic disease, and none of the lesions with calcifications.

LCNC was the fourth and last neuroendocrine cancer death subtype to be recognized as a neuroendocrine tumor of the lung, with characteristics that make it different from the typical and atypical carcinoid tumors as well as from the SCLC 3.

It is predominantly found in men 2. Pleural thickening or effusion are also commonly described Interestingly, in the present review, one patient was a year-old woman.

In the present study, hpv virus bei jungen authors described 11 cases of patients with SCLC. Lesions were similar to those described as most characteristic in the medical literature, with no isolated findings of nodule or peripheral mass.

The literature reports that, at the moment of diagnosis, the patient usually presents advanced disease with metastasis, mainly to bones, liver, adrenal glands or brain Findings of atectasis, other lung lesions and pleural effusion are common. In the present study, lesions with calcifications neuroendocrine cancer death not found. More rarely, SCLC presents as a peripheral lung lesion without lymph node enlargement, and in such cases it may neuroendocrine cancer death confused with other types of bronchogenic carcinomas and with the other NTLs 1, Probably, the present study's sample of SCLC was neuroendocrine cancer death, considering its golden retriever papilloma and the characteristic of specialized reference hospital of the authors' institution.