Bone Cancer Primary Bone Cancers and Bone Metastases

Metastatic cancer bones, Translation of "bone metastases" in Romanian

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Lynch, Jr, MD. Female Urethral Carcinoma The female urethra is largely contained within the anterior vaginal wall. In the adult it is 2 to 4 cm in length. Distally, it is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, changing to stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium more proximally.

Translation of "bone metastases" in Romanian

At the bladder neck, the mucosa is transitional cell epithelium. The histopathology of female urethral cancer depends upon the tissue of origin.

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Transitional cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are next most common and occur with roughly equal frequency. Unlike penile cancers, tumor grade metastatic cancer bones not appear to influence either propensity for metastasis or prognosis.

Female urethral cancers occur more often in white women than in black women.

Traducere "metastaze osoase" în engleză

The lymphatic drainage of the distal urethra and labia is to the superficial and deep inguinal nodes. The proximal urethra drains to the nodes of the iliac, obturator, presacral, and para-aortic lymphatic chains. Metastases to distant sites—liver, lung, brain and bone—occur late and are more common with adenocarcinomas. Roughly half of tumors involve the metastatic cancer bones length of urethra at diagnosis.

bone metastases - Translation into Romanian - examples English | Reverso Context

A rare variation of urethral cancer is carcinoma arising in a urethral diverticulum. These tumors are usually squamous carcinomas and are usually located in the distal two thirds of the urethra.

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They have been reported more frequently in black women than in white women, and likely arise from remnants of wolffian or mullerian ducts or ectopic cloacal epithelium. Distal urethral or anterior lesions usually present early and are diagnosed metastatic cancer bones at low stage.

These tumors have been successfully managed with local excision, transurethral metastatic cancer bones, partial urethrectomy, and fulguration or ablation with either neodymium:YAG or CO2 laser techniques.

More proximal lesions present later and at higher stage than distal lesions. For superficial tumors, transurethral resection or laser surgery may be appropriate. Inguinal node dissection should be performed in the presence of palpably enlarged nodes, and pelvic node dissection should be performed when proximal involvement of the urethra is identified.

There does not appear to be any therapeutic advantage to prophylactic node dissection when the inguinal nodes are not enlarged.

Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition.

Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy, administered as both external beam radiation and brachytherapy, has been used for definitive treatment of both localized and advanced tumors. It has also been used to downsize tumors before metastatic cancer bones surgical intervention. Chemotherapy and Combined Therapy The rarity of these tumors has precluded much meaningful clinical research in chemotherapeutic treatment, or in chemotherapy combined with radiation or surgery.

Combination chemotherapy in conjunction with radiation and surgery has produced promising outcomes in squamous carcinomas of the metastatic cancer bones and neck, anus, and penis, metastatic cancer bones may be expected to demonstrate similar benefit in squamous cancers of the urethra.

metastatic cancer bones

However, multinational, multiinstitutional trials are required to provide clinical data to assess the efficacy of any such treatment regimens. Prognosis Long-term survival is related to the stage of the tumor at the time of diagnosis and appears to be independent of tumor histology or grade.

Patients with tumors of the anterior or distal urethra had better survival than those with more proximal lesions, apparently because their tumors presented earlier in their clinical course.

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Beginning distally, the penile urethra is comprised of the meatus and fossa navicularis which is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. The pendulous urethra extends from the proximal fossa navicularis to the suspensory ligament of the penis, where it then becomes the bulbar urethra between the ligament and the urogenital membrane.

These areas are lined with stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium as is the short 1. This contains the external sphincter which is comprised of striated muscle fibers. The prostatic urethra passes through the prostate and is lined with transitional cell epithelium.

metastaze osoase - Traducere în engleză - exemple în română | Reverso Context

The remainder occur predominantly in the fossa navicularis. Infrequently, transitional cell carcinoma or undifferentiated tumor may predominate at the bladder neck or within the prostatic urethra.

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Poorly differentiated transitional cell cancers may show some squamous characteristics. Rarely adenocarcinoma may arise in the glands of Littre or the prostatic utricle.

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Metastases from distant tumor sites metastatic cancer bones the penis also occur infrequently. Figure Retrograde urethrogram demonstrating squamous carcinoma of bulbous urethra associated with a stricture. Obstructive symptoms are common in more proximal lesions, while urethral bleeding and palpation of a mass herald more distal lesions Figure In general, the more proximal a tumor, the later in its development and the higher its stage at diagnosis.

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Four-color version of figure on CD-ROM A special case exists in the urethral segment which is retained following cystectomy. These tumors are almost exclusively transitional cell carcinomas. Monitoring of the urethra in this situation and management of these tumors is discussed elsewhere.

  • The Second Edition expands on the original overview of bone cancer development physiology and pathophysiologywith key chapters from the first edition, and offers numerous new chapters describing the new concepts of bone cancer biology and therapy, for both primary bone tumors as well as bone metastases.
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  • Carcinoma of the Urethra - Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine - NCBI Bookshelf
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Lymphatic drainage of metastatic cancer bones distal male urethra is similar to that of penile tumors. Tumors of the fossa and pendulous urethra drain to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, while tumors of the bulbar, membranous, and prostatic urethral segments drain to the iliac, obturator, and presacral node groups. There may be crossover at the prepubic lymphatic plexus. Surgical Management Low-grade, low-stage tumors of the urethra may lend themselves to transurethral resection or metastatic cancer bones fulguration, but such lesions are rare.

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Metastatic cancer bones biopsy may be feasible, que alimentos producen oxiuros biopsy prior to laser fulguration is essential to assess histopathology and tumor depth.

Selected lesions of the distal urethra may lend themselves to partial penectomy.

Rezumat: Bisphosphonates are effective against the increased bone resorption caused by certain diseases because they inhibit the activity of osteoclasts. In patients who have breast cancer and metastatic bone disease, the bisphosphonate clodronate clodronic acid reduces the frequency of skeletal complications.

Tumors must not involve the corpus spongiosum or the corpora cavernosa, and must be amenable to a 2-cm margin. More advanced or more proximal lesions may require a total penectomy with creation of a perineal urethrostomy. Proximal cancers may necessitate an anterior exenteration with radical cystoprostatourethrectomy and urinary diversion.